Psychology Statistics Practice Test

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• What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the scores 1, 0, 1, 4?
• Which type of variable can take on an infinite number of values within a given range?
• What does R squared represent in regression?
• Which branch uses sample data to infer about a population?
• If a researcher collects data from 356 adolescents via surveys, the 356 individuals are a ______.
• What is the value of Σ(X - 2)² for the scores 2, 3, 5?
• Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
• For grouped interval data, which graphs are appropriate to display the distribution?
• In a negatively skewed distribution, most scores are clustered toward the high end.
• For the scores 1, 0, 2, 4, what is the value of Σ(2X)?
• What is power in hypothesis testing?
• What problem does multicollinearity cause in regression analyses?
• A relatively small group of participants is called a ______; results are generalized to a larger group known as the ______.
• In a histogram, the bar for the interval 15-19 would extend from which values?
• Which term describes a value that characterizes a population?
• What is the value of (ΣX)2 for the scores 1, 5, 2?
• Power in hypothesis testing is best described as what?
• Which of the following defines a residual in regression analysis?
• Which statement correctly describes a nonparametric test's data requirements?
• What is the value of ΣX + 1 for the scores 1, 6, 3?
• What is the chi-square test used for?
• Which statement about p-values is correct?
• Which statement about Cronbach's alpha is a known limitation?
• A histogram is primarily used to display data that are measured on which type of scale?
• The gender of each student in a psychology class is best described as which scale?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a sample from a population?
• Independence of observations in regression means
• Which statement is NOT a standard characteristic of bootstrap resampling?
• What does effect size quantify, and which two measures are commonly used?
• Difference between parametric and nonparametric methods
• What is the purpose of a confidence interval for the population mean?
• Which term refers to the naturally occurring discrepancy between a sample statistic and the population parameter?
• In a research study, the group of participants studied is called the ____ and the larger group to which results are generalized is called the ____.
• For data measured on an ordinal scale (not necessarily interval), which graph is appropriate?
• Sampling bias refers to which issue in research?
• Which definition correctly describes variance and its relationship to standard deviation?
• In regression analysis, what does a standardized beta coefficient indicate?
• The normal distribution is an example of
• In a histogram, what does the x-axis typically represent?
• What is the final step to be performed when computing Σ(X - 2)2?
• A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of American adolescents. Based on the set of 356 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 3.1 hours each day watching television. For this study, the set of 356 students who returned surveys is an example of a _______.
• What is the shape of the distribution for the data: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6?
• What is the value of Σ(X − 2)^2 for the scores 2, 3, 5?
• Bootstrap resampling involves...
• Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and E) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) ____ scale of measurement.
• A frequency distribution graph represents frequencies with vertical bars without space between them. What scale of measurement was used to measure the scores?
• A researcher analyzing 356 completed surveys to study television viewing habits found the average to be 3.1 hours per day. The 356 respondents constitute which of the following?
• If a 95% confidence interval for a mean difference includes zero, what does that imply at alpha = 0.05?
• What is the midpoint of the 5-9 class interval?
• What is post-hoc testing and when is it used in ANOVA?
• Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and nonart majors. What scale of measurement is being used to classify the students?
• Given a grouped data with class frequencies 5, 12, 8 for three classes, what is the total number of observations?
• What is the effect size in ANOVA (eta-squared)?
• For the data X: 5,4,3,2,1; F: 5,3,1,3,5; what is the distribution shape?
• How many students had scores lower than X = 80? X: 90-94, 85-89, 80-84, 75-79, 70-74; F: 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
• Which type of statistics summarizes or describes the main features of a dataset?
• Which term best describes a numerical value that describes a population?
• Which statement describes a Type II error?
• In a study comparing teaching methods for autistic children, the independent variable is ______ and the dependent variable is ______.
• What kind of frequency distribution graph shows the frequencies as bars, with no space between adjacent bars?
• Which statement best describes independent and repeated-measures designs?
• In a distribution with positive skew, where are the scores with the highest frequencies located?
• What is the cumulative frequency up to and including the 15-19 class?
• What is the lowest score on the exam?
• Which scale has equal intervals between values but no true zero?
• A statistic is a value—usually numerical—that describes a sample.
• What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
• In that distribution, which class interval has the highest frequency?
• Which statement best describes inferential statistics?
• What is the term for a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population?
• On a frequency distribution graph, what do the X-axis values typically represent?
• What does a p-value represent in psychological data?
• Which test is appropriate when the population variance is known and the sample size is large?
• In the expression ΣX^2, what is the first operation performed on each X value?
• Name a nonparametric alternative to the paired samples t-test.
• What operation is performed last in the standard order of operations?
• In a distribution with positive skew, the tail extends toward which side?
• What is the purpose of data transformation (e.g., log, square root) in statistics?
• What is the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
• When computing the sum of scores from a grouped frequency distribution, which formula is used?
• A population parameter is defined as a numerical value that describes a characteristic of the ______.
• In statistics, what is a statistic?
• In a relative frequency distribution, what is the sum of all the relative frequencies?
• To compute ΣX², what steps are involved?
• In a repeated-measures design, how does the design typically affect error variance compared to a between-subjects design?
• A biologist records counts of different fish species caught in a lake. If the results are organized in a frequency distribution graph, what kind of graph should be used?
• What is recommended instead of performing post-hoc power analyses?
• For the scores 1, 0, 2, 4, what is the value of Σ(X + 1)^2?
• How does the standard error of the mean behave as sample size increases?
• What are the real limits of the 20-24 class in this distribution?
• What is the difference between correlation and regression?
• Which statement distinguishes a chi-square test of independence from a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
• What is the final step to be performed in the mathematical expression (ΣX)2?
• What is the measurement precision used for height in the given scenario?
• In a distribution, how many people had scores less than X = 19? X: 20-24, 15-19,10-14, 5-9; F: 2, 5, 4, 1
• What is homogeneity of variances and how is it tested?
• Define Pearson correlation coefficient r and its range.
• In a frequency distribution, what does the height of each bar represent?
• Which statement best describes a normal distribution?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between effect size and p-values?
• Homoscedasticity means
• The goal is to determine a number that is an example of a ______.
• What term is used to describe the shape of a distribution in which the scores pile up on the left-hand side of the graph and taper off to the right?
• Which graph is appropriate for scores measured on a nominal scale?
• For a sample of 200 college students who identify their favorite movie, which graph would be appropriate to present the results in a frequency distribution?
• If a distribution is shown with a bar graph, what scale of measurement were the scores most likely measured on?
• Which types of graphs are used for data from an interval scale?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a population parameter from a sample statistic?
• If scores range from 28 to 72, what is the best interval width for a grouped frequency distribution?
• What is an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) used for?
• What is the value of ΣX^2 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?
• In a distribution with positive skew, the highest frequencies are located on which side of the distribution?
• What are the real limits for a score of X = 42, given measurements are recorded to the nearest half unit?
• For the data with X: 4, 3, 2, 1 and F: 1, 2, 4, 2, what is ΣX?
• Which post-hoc method controls familywise error rate typically after ANOVA?
• A skewed distribution typically has _____ tail(s) and a normal distribution has ____ tail(s).
• Organizing a set of scores in a table is an example of using which type of statistics?
• The participants in a study are classified as high, medium, or low in self-esteem. What measurement scale is being used to classify self-esteem?
• If it is impossible to divide the existing categories of a variable, then it is an example of a ____ variable.
• Which term describes a subset of individuals from a population used for analysis?
• In a grouped frequency distribution, if a class interval is labeled 50-59 and the variable is continuous, what are the real limits for this interval?
• What is the midpoint of the class interval 15-19?
• Which statement is true about grouped data?
• Which expression represents the sum of the X values squared?
• Classification of art majors and non-art majors uses which scale of measurement?
• What is the main difference between a z-test and a t-test?
• Consider the following class intervals with their frequencies: 5-9: 1; 10-14: 4; 15-19: 5; 20-24: 2. What is the width of each class interval?
• What is the typical alpha level used in psychology studies?
• Which measuring scales are displayed by frequency distribution polygons?
• For the data X: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and F: 1, 1, 2, 4, 5, what is the distribution shape?
• In which scenario is an independent samples t-test appropriate?
• What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the scores 2, 4, 7?
• In a frequency distribution graph, frequencies are presented on which axis, and the scores (categories) are listed on which axis?
• Which distribution shape is described as having a long tail extending to the right with most scores on the left?
• Which term describes a numerical value that characterizes an entire population?
• If the highest score is 72 and the lowest is 28, what is the range of the scores?
• For nominal data with several categories and counts, which graph is most appropriate?
• The total number of scores in a frequency distribution is found by summing which quantity?
• You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score and sum the results. Which summation notation expresses this instruction?
• What is the sum of the scores X for the values 1, 5, 2?
• What is the value of (ΣX) + 1 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?
• Outliers and their effect on analyses
• In a two-way ANOVA, what additional information does it provide beyond main effects?
• What term describes the naturally occurring discrepancy between a sample statistic and the population parameter?
• In a frequency distribution, what is the total number of scores equal to?
• Which scale has a true zero point enabling statements like 'twice as much'?
• For the scores 1, 2, 1, 4, what is the value of Σ(X − 1)?
• If a set of scores is displayed in a frequency distribution bar graph, what scale of measurement was used to measure the scores?
• Which statement about the Central Limit Theorem is true?
• The students in a psychology class seemed to think that the midterm exam was very easy. If they are correct, what is the most likely shape for the distribution of exam scores?
• The scale of measurement used when a teacher measures the number of correct answers on a quiz for each student is:
• If the p-value is 0.03 and alpha is 0.05, what decision should be made?
• For the distribution of exam scores, how many students had scores higher than X = 79? X: 90-94, 85-89, 80-84,75-79,70-74; F: 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
• Which statistic is most appropriate for summarizing a data set with categorical observations?
• What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale?
• Which scenario best illustrates using a chi-square test of independence?
• Name a nonparametric alternative to the independent samples t-test.
• What does ΣX represent in a frequency distribution?
• Determining the class standing (1st, 2nd, and so on) for the graduating seniors would involve measurement on a(n) ____ scale of measurement.
• What does a population frequency distribution graph typically show instead of the actual counts?
• The entire group of American adolescents is an example of a ________.
• Which graph type shows frequencies as bars that touch each other?
• In a study comparing effects of different video games on helping behavior, what is the independent variable?
• For the following distribution: X: 5,4,3,2,1; F: 6,5,5,3,2. How many individuals had X equal to 2?
• The Central Limit Theorem states that...
• With a range of 28 to 72 and interval width of 5, approximately how many intervals would be formed in a grouped frequency distribution?
• Which scale cannot specify the magnitude of differences between values?
• Normality of residuals is important for
• What is the meaning of ΣX² in a frequency distribution?
• Which test is commonly used to assess equality of variances across groups?
• The relationship between a statistic and a parameter is the same as the relationship between ______.
• Which statement best describes the normal distribution in data visualization?
• What is the primary purpose of selecting a sample in research?
• Which expression represents subtracting four from each value, squaring the result, and summing across all values?
• Which statement about post-hoc power analyses is true?
• The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of entering freshmen is 530. However, if you select a sample of 20 freshmen and compute their average verbal SAT score you probably will not get exactly 530. What statistical concept explains the natural difference that exists between a sample mean and the corresponding population mean?
• Which methods are commonly used to assess whether residuals in a regression are approximately normally distributed?
• Which statement describes a Type I error?
• After measuring two individuals, a researcher can say that Tom's score is 4 points higher than Bill's. The measurements must come from a(n) _______ scale.
• In that distribution, which class interval contains the mode?
• If a set of exam scores forms a negatively skewed distribution, what can you conclude about the students' scores?
• Which description best captures the meaning of a confidence level in interval estimation?
• In the distribution with X values 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and corresponding frequencies 2, 8, 5, 3, 2, what percentage have X = 1?
• If researchers want to estimate a population parameter, they typically compute a ______ from the sample.
• What is a nonparametric test?
• What is the value of (ΣX)² for the scores 1, 5, 2?
• What does the term 'familywise error rate' refer to?
• Using letter grades to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on which scale of measurement?
• What kind of measurement scale is necessary to conclude that one score is twice as big as another?
• In a grouped distribution for a continuous variable, an interval labeled 50-59 has real limits of:
• When the goal is to determine the average number of hours American adolescents spend watching television, the resulting value describes the population and is known as a ______.
• In a grouped data context, which of the following is a common use of midpoints?
• In which class interval does the mean lie?
• Which term describes a value—usually numerical—that describes a population?
• For the following frequency distribution, what is ΣX? X: 30-34, 25-29, 20-24, 15-19, 10-14; F: 1,1,3,3,2
• When might you use a nonparametric test?
• What is a p-value?
• After recording final grades A through E for 26 students, which graph should be used to display the grade distribution?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes standard deviation and the standard error of the mean?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between class width and estimation accuracy in grouped data?
• What is the cumulative frequency after the first two classes?
• If a set of scores is displayed in a frequency distribution polygon, what scale of measurement was used to measure the scores?
• With grouped data on pages (0-99, 100-199, 200-299, etc.), if converted to a frequency distribution graph, what kind of graph should be used?
• Which term best describes a numerical value that describes a sample?
• What is the value of Σ(X - 2) for the scores 2, 3, 5?
• What is the assumption of normality in t-tests?
• What are the real limits of the 5-9 class in this distribution?
• What is the value of Σ(X − 2) for the scores 2, 3, 5?
• For the scores 1, 0, 2, 4, what is the value of Σ(X + 2)?
• What is the first step to be performed in the following mathematical expression, ΣX?
• What is the value of Σ(X − 1)^2 for the scores 1, 2, 1, 4?
• A characteristic, usually a numerical value, which describes a sample is called a ____.
• In a dataset where most values are high and a few low values pull the tail to the left, the distribution is described as
• For the distribution with X values and frequencies: 4 with 1, 3 with 2, 2 with 4, 1 with 2, what is ΣX?
• Which test is commonly used when the sample variance is unknown and the sample size is small?
• What is the total number of observations in that distribution?
• If the scores are 3, 7, and 5, what is ΣX?
• The measurement scale must be interval or ratio for the difference of 4 points to be meaningful. This is an example of which option?
• In a regression with several predictors, which statistic is commonly used to quantify the proportion of variance explained by the model?
• Which statement best describes the concept of a sampling distribution?
• Which is an example of a discrete variable?
• Which term refers to the set of all individuals of interest in a study?
• What is the difference between one-way and two-way ANOVA?
• A histogram shows bars gradually decreasing from left to right. What does this indicate about the distribution?
• For statistical purposes, it usually is not important to differentiate between which two scales of measurement?
• For the scores 1, 0, 2, 4, what is the value of ΣX - 4?
• Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for skewed distributions with outliers?
• Which factor influences statistical power?
• If you repeatedly take random samples from a population and compute their means, the distribution of those sample means will
• Which statement explains how to control the familywise error rate when making multiple comparisons?
• What is the first step to be performed when computing Σ(X + 2)2?
• Using the midpoints to approximate the mean for this grouped distribution, which value best approximates the mean?
• What does a significant F in ANOVA indicate?
• In that distribution, which class interval contains the median value?
• Cronbach's alpha is best described as
• What kind of frequency distribution graph shows the frequencies as bars that are separated by spaces?
• In a study of high school students in Florida, the average monthly cell phone bill would be an example of a ______.